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Primary Sources: Dalā'il al-nubuwwa (Testimonia to the Prophethood of Muhammad) and asociated apologietic writings.As a result of contact with other faiths, works falling within the Dalā’il literary genre appeared at least from the time of 9th centry CE (Kister, CHAL. 1:355) some bearing the title al`ām al‑nubuwwah (Proofs of the Prophethood). They embody apologetic proofs of the Prophet Muhammad, stories of his miraculous and wonderful deeds as compared and contrasted with those of pre‑Islamic Prophets. Among the earliest examples of this literary genre is the K. Tathbīt Dalā'il al‑Nubuwwah (The Book of the Establishment of the Proofs of the Prophethood) by al‑Jāḥiẓ (d.256/870) (see further Kister, CHAL. 1983/:355f). A Kitāb al‑Dalā’il was written in proof of the Prophet and the Imams by `Abū al‑`Abbas Ma īk b. Jāmi` al‑Ḥimyār ī [al‑Qummī] (d.c. 300/912). It is lost but has been cited by Ibn Tāwūs and in Majlisī in his Biḥār al-anwar 4:392‑442 (see Matar, 1993; Kohlberg, xxxx). . SEE PAPERS ‑‑ The Shāfi` ī jurist and Mu`tazilite theologian al‑QāÞi Abū’l‑Ḥasan b. Aḥmad al‑Hamadānī (d. 41?/ 1035) known as `Abd al‑Jabbār wrote in 385/995 a work establishing the prophethood of Muhammad, the Tathb īt dalā’il al‑nubuwwa nahiyyinā Muhammad as well as other important theological works and a refutation of Christianity (‑‑>) ( Stern EI21:59‑60; Anawat ī, ERel. 1:3‑4). Pines, Stern and others have discussed whether this work reflects the influence of possibly pre‑Islamic, Judaeo‑Christian materials. The section of Christians includes polemic against the three main Christian factions, Jacobites, Nestorians and Orthodox. The position of Paul is that of a manipulator of the primitive ecclesia who was crucified horizontally. Jesus was not God’s Son neither was he crucified. In this work Abd al‑ Jabbār has it that the original Gospel given to Jesus is no longer in the possession of Christians. Similar agruments were made Ibn Hazm in his Al‑Fiḍal fi’l‑milal.. `The Bahā’ ī leader Abd al‑Bahā’ also held to a form of this belief when he stated in one of his numerous alwāḥ that the lost original Gospel was in Hebrew ( ADD). The Gospel as cited here by `Abd al‑Jabbār reckons that Jesus’ childhood sojurn in Egypt lasted for twelve years (Pines, 1966 [Jewish Christians] 51; cf. Idem, 1967:190). The Dalā’il al‑nubuwwa of the Shā`fi` ī traditionalist Aḥmad ibn al‑Ḥusayn al‑Bayhaq ī (d. Nishābūr 458/1066) is "a seven‑volume compilation which encompasses a great mass of traditions extracted from earlier biographical and other ḥad īth collections" (Rubin, 1995:16; Robson, EI2 1:1130). ADD DETAILS? al‑Juwayn ī (d.xxx/1085), the Imam al‑ the teacher of al‑Ghazāl ī Dalā’il (Testimonia, Proof texts.. ) and apologetic writings. As a result of contact with other faiths, works falling within the Dalā’il literary genre appeared at least from the time of 9th centry CE (Kister, CHAL. 1:355) some bearing the title al`ām al‑nubuwwah (Proofs of the Prophethood). They embody apologetic proofs of the Prophet Muhammad, stories of his miraculous and wonderful deeds as compared and contrasted with those of pre‑Islamic Prophets. Among the earliest examples of this literary genre is the K. Tathb īt Dalā'il al‑Nubuwwah (The Book of the Establishment of the Proofs of the Prophethood) by al‑Jāḥi¥ (d.256/870) (see further Kister, CHAL. 1983/:355f). A Kitāb al‑Dalā’il was written in proof of the Prophet and the Imams by `Abū al‑`Abbas Mal īk b. Jāmi` al‑Ḥimyār ī [al‑Qumm ī] (d.c. 300/912). It is lost but has been cited by Ibn ÿāwūs and in Majlis ī in his Biḥār 4:392‑442 (see Matar, 1993;Kohlberg, xxxx). . SEE PAPERS ‑‑ `Abd al‑Jabbār The Shāfi`ī jurist and Mu`tazilite theologian al‑Qāḍi Abū’l‑Ḥasan b. Aḥmad al‑Hamadānī (d. 41?/ 1035) known as `Abd al‑Jabbār wrote in 385/995 a work establishing the prophethood of Muhammad, the Tathbīt dalā’il al‑nubuwwa nahiyyinā Muhammad as well as other important theological works and a refutation of Christianity ( Stern EI21:59‑60; Anawatī, ERel. 1:3‑4). Pines, Stern and others have discussed whether this work reflects the influence of possibly pre‑Islamic, Judaeo‑Christian materials. The section of Christians includes polemic against the three main Christian factions, Jacobites, Nestorians and Orthodox. The position of Paul is that of a manipulator of the primitive ecclesia who was crucified horizontally. Jesus was not God’s Son neither was he crucified. In this work Abd al‑Jabbār has it that the original Gospel given to Jesus is no longer in the possession of Christians. Similar agruments were made Ibn Hazm in his Al‑Fiṣal fi’l‑milal.. `The Bahā’ ī leader Abd al‑Bahā’ also held to a form of this belief when he stated in one of his numerous alwāḥ that the lost original Gospel was in Hebrew ( ). The Gospel as cited here by `Abd al‑Jabbār reckons that Jesus’ childhood sojurn in Egypt lasted for twelve years (Pines, 1966 [Jewish Christians] 51; cf. Idem, 1967:190). The Dalā’il al‑nubuwwa of the Shā`fi` ī traditionalist Aḥmad ibn al‑Ḥusayn al‑Bayhaq ī (d. Nishābūr 458/1066) is "a seven‑volume compilation which encompasses a great mass of traditions extracted from earlier biographical and other ḥad īth collections" (Rubin, 1995:16; Robson, EI2 1:1130). ADD DETAILS?
al-Bayhaqī, Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn, (458/1066). The Dalā’il al‑nubuwwa of the Shā`fi` ī traditionalist Aḥmad ibn al‑Ḥusayn al‑Bayhaqī (d. Nishābur 458/1066) is "a seven‑volume compilation which encompasses a great mass of traditions extracted from earlier biographical and other ḥadīth collections" (Rubin, 1995:16; Robson, EI2 1:1130).
al-Ḥafiẓ al-Kabīr, Abi Na'īm al-Isfahānī (d. 430/ 1038).
Abū Bakr al-Firyābī
al-Sijistānī, Abu Ya`qūb Isḥāq ( ADD cent CE) Ismā'īlī writer.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
Abu Ḥātim al-Rāzī (d. 322/934)
al‑Juwaynī (d.xxx /1085), the Imam al‑ the teacher of al‑Ghazāl ī
Secondary Sources Stroumsa, Sarah,
Abu Zayd, Ν.Η.,
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